If you develop on an M1/M2/M3 Mac (ARM64) and deploy to AWS, Azure, or GCP (typically AMD64/x86_64), you have likely encountered two distinct classes of failures. Runtime Failure: The container builds fine locally, but crashes instantly in production with standard_init_linux.go:228: exec user process caused: exec format error . Build Time Failure: While building the Docker image locally for the production architecture, pip install fails with cryptic GCC errors, or the build hangs indefinitely while installing packages like numpy , grpcio , or cryptography . This post addresses the architectural mismatch causing these issues and provides a production-grade implementation using Docker Buildx and multi-stage builds to solve them. The Root Cause: CPU Instruction Sets & Python Wheels The exec format error occurs because binary executables contain instructions specific to a CPU architecture. Your Mac speaks ARM64; your pro...
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